![]() While inspired by flame graphs, flame charts put the passage of time on the x-axis instead of the alphabet. I don't have a strong opinion about this, do whichever you prefer! Preferably include a toggle so that the end user can pick their preferred layout.įlame charts were first added by Google Chrome's WebKit Web Inspector ( bug). Others use the flame graph layout but begin showing the bottom so that the root frames are on screen. For that reason, many flame graph implementations use the icicle layout by default instead. For developers who prefer reading root-to-leaf anyway, an icicle layout instead means that the starting point is always on screen without needing to scroll. But for very deep stacks the flame graph layout (with a GUI that starts at the top) often means the initial view may be mostly empty (a few thin interrupt stacks) forcing the developer to scroll down to find the bulk of the profile. I'm also used to scanning them top-down to look for plateaus. I prefer the standard "flame" layout, where the y-axis is counting stack depth upwards from zero at the bottom. Icicle charts are flame graphs upside down. There are also numerous profiling products and companies that now support flame graphs. Once you have a profiler that can generate meaningful stacks, converting them into a flame graph is usually the easy step. Linux: perf ( perf script report flamegraph)įlame graphs can also be generated from any profile data that contains stack traces, including from the following profiling tools:.Some operating system profilers now have built-in support for flame graphs: My first talk on flame graphs was at USENIX LISA 2013, which ended up as a plenary talk ( youtube, slideshare, PDF): Operating Systems I gave an updated talk explaining flame graphs at USENIX ATC 2017 titled Visualizing Performance with Flame Graphs, which is on youtube and slideshare ( PDF) 6.Īlso see my CPU Flame Graphs page, and the presentation below. This visualization is fully explained in my ACMQ article The Flame Graph, also published in Communications of the ACM, Vol. Search matches and highlights a given term and shows the "cumulative percentage" of stacks including the search term.Mouse click zooms the visualization horizontally, revealing function names previously elided.Mouse hover shows additional frame details in a status bar.A dynamic visualization allows interactive features to aid navigation and comprehension, including: As a static visualization, a flame graph can be saved as an image, included in print (books), and will still convey the "big picture" as only the most frequent frames have enough width for labels. #Jprofiler for mac codeVariations include inverting the y-axis (an "icicle graph"), changing the hue to indicate code type, and using a color spectrum to convey an additional dimension.įlame graphs are both a static and dynamic visualization. Original flame graphs use random colors to help visually differentiate adjacent frames. The top edge shows what is on-CPU, and beneath it is its ancestry. The wider a frame is is, the more often it was present in the stacks. The x-axis shows the stack profile population, sorted alphabetically (it is not the passage of time), and the y-axis shows stack depth, counting from zero at the bottom. E.g., file system contents (see instructions comparisons with treemaps and sunbursts). The example on the right is a portion of a CPU flame graph, showing MySQL codepaths that are consuming CPU cycles, and by how much.įlame graphs can also be used for any hierarchical data. The following pages (or posts) introduce different types of flame graphs: See the Updates section for other implementations. My colleague on the Netflix performance engineering team, Martin Spier, created an open source d3 version: d3-flame-graph. They can be generated using my open source programs on /brendangregg/FlameGraph, which create interactive SVGs. #Jprofiler for mac softwareSystems Performance: Enterprise and the Cloud, 2nd Editionįlame graphs are a visualization of hierarchical data, created to visualize stack traces of profiled software so that the most frequent code-paths to be identified quickly and accurately. How To Add eBPF Observability To Your ProductīPF binaries: BTF, CO-RE, and the future of BPF perf tools USENIX LISA2021 Computing Performance: On the Horizon ![]()
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